GLP-1 Evidence

Evidence map

GLP-1 other: what the evidence base looks like

10 publications, 3 of them trials and 5 syntheses. This page describes the shape of that literature rather than summarising its conclusions.

Updated 4 min read 10 citations

What the evidence on glp-1 other is made of Of 10 publications on this topic, the breakdown by study type: 5 meta-analysis, 3 randomised trial, 1 review, 1 other. 5311meta-analysis (5)randomised trial (3)review (1)other (1)
10 publications, by study type. Volume is not strength — the same count can be a settled question or a pile of commentary, and which one it is depends almost entirely on this breakdown. Harvested from PubMed and Crossref; publication type as recorded by the source.

What this literature is made of

The synthesis is ahead of the primary literature here — reviews and meta-analyses drawing on a modest number of underlying studies. Treat confident conclusions with the caution the sample size deserves.

The distinction that matters most is between synthesis and primary research. A meta-analysis pools trials and is the closest thing to a settled answer a field produces. A narrative review is one group's reading of the same material and can be selective without being dishonest. Counting them together, which most citation counts do, obscures exactly the thing you want to know.

When the glp-1 other literature was published Publication years for the 10 papers on this topic, grouped into bands from before 2015 through to 2023 onwards. 2023 onwards5 papers2020-20224 papers2015-20191 papers
Still active. The most recent paper here is from 2025, so this is a field where an answer written today may not hold for long. Publication years as recorded by PubMed and Crossref.

How this page is built

Everything above is computed from the citations this site harvested from PubMed and Crossref, not written by hand. When the weekly harvest finds a new paper on this topic, these counts change and the characterisation changes with them. That is the point: a hand-written claim about how strong an evidence base is starts decaying the day it is written.

Publication type is taken as the source records it. That is imperfect — journals label inconsistently, and a paper indexed as a "review" may be a systematic one — so treat the bands as approximate. They are accurate enough to distinguish a trial literature from a commentary literature, which is the distinction that matters.

The strongest work on this topic

Ordered by study design first, then recency. The full set is listed in the references below.

  1. Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Patients With CKD Receiving GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials — Chen JY, Hsu TW, Liu JH et al., 2025, meta-analysis
  2. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials00271-7) — Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY et al., 2025, meta-analysis
  3. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors with and without glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a SMART-C collaborative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials00155-4) — Apperloo EM, Neuen BL, Fletcher RA et al., 2024, meta-analysis
  4. Benefits and harms of drug treatment for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials — Shi Q, Nong K, Vandvik PO et al., 2023, meta-analysis
  5. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials30249-9) — Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS et al., 2019, meta-analysis
  6. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial00070-5) — Gastaldelli A, Cusi K, Fernández Landó L et al., 2022, randomised controlled trial
  7. Exenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial — Klausen MK, Jensen ME, Møller M et al., 2022, randomised controlled trial
  8. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial: post-hoc analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial00243-1) — Heerspink HJL, Sattar N, Pavo I et al., 2022, randomised controlled trial
  9. Chronic Kidney Disease and Obesity — Hojs R, Ekart R, Bevc S et al., 2023, review
  10. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials00203-5) — Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL et al., 2021, journal article
How much research is there on glp-1 other?
10 publications are indexed here, of which 3 are trials and 5 are syntheses.
Does more research mean a stronger conclusion?
No. Composition matters more than volume — five randomised trials support a claim far better than fifty commentaries, and citation counts do not distinguish between them.
How current is this?
The most recent paper indexed here is from 2025. The set is refreshed weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
Why does this page not tell me the answer?
Because summarising a literature into a conclusion requires reading it, and doing that automatically is how confident nonsense gets published. This page tells you how much weight a conclusion could bear; the articles on this site do the interpreting.

References

Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.

  1. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2025 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 39608381
  2. Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Patients With CKD Receiving GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Chen JY, Hsu TW, Liu JH, et al. · American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2025 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 39863261
  3. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors with and without glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a SMART-C collaborative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Apperloo EM, Neuen BL, Fletcher RA, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2024 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 38991584
  4. Benefits and harms of drug treatment for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Shi Q, Nong K, Vandvik PO, et al. · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 37024129Full text
  5. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2019 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 31422062
  6. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial Gastaldelli A, Cusi K, Fernández Landó L, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 35468325
  7. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial: post-hoc analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial Heerspink HJL, Sattar N, Pavo I, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 36152639
  8. Exenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Klausen MK, Jensen ME, Møller M, et al. · JCI insight · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 36066977Full text
  9. Chronic Kidney Disease and Obesity Hojs R, Ekart R, Bevc S, et al. · Nephron · 2023 · Review DOIPubMed 37271131
  10. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials Sattar N, Lee MMY, Kristensen SL, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2021 · Journal article DOIPubMed 34425083